Abstract: Objective To investigate the effect of ″wait and observe″ strategy of non-surgical treatment on survival and quality of life in patients with rectal cancer and with clinical complete response（cCR）after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Methods One case of low rectal cancer with cCR after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy without radical surgery has been dynamically monitored for eight years by MRI，colonoscopy，CT，serum CEA，CA-199 and so on. Results The patient received neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy to achieve cCR had multiple lung metastases in the third year，and received chemotherapy-based comprehensive treatment for five years，has survived for eight years. However，the quality of life was significantly reduced. Conclusion The strategy of non-surgical treatment for cCR after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for rectal cancer should be carefully considered. Distant metastasis is one of the important factors affecting the quality of life and prognosis of patients.

Key words: rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy, non-surgical treatment