Based on the nitrogen concentration environmental gradient for Brassica napus （B. napus）growth established through our research group′s exploration，we investigated the differences in phenotypic and physiological-biochemical indices between the high nitrogen use efficiency（NUE）B. napus material 10-Chong 32 and the low-NUE material WH- 17 under three nitrogen concentrations：low nitrogen （0. 3 mmol/L），normal nitrogen （6. 0 mmol/L），and high nitrogen（15. 0 mmol/L）. The results showed that under all growth conditions，the dry weight and fresh weight values of 10-Chong 32 were consistently higher than those of WH-17. The root activity-related parameters of 10-Chong 32 demonstrated superior performance compared to WH-17. Additionally，10-Chong 32 exhibited better photosynthesis-related metrics than WH-17， with significant differences observed in nitrogen metabolism-related enzyme activity levels between the two materials. The analysis reveals that B. napus materials with different nitrogen utilization efficiencies display distinct phenotypic and physiological-biochemical characteristics under varying nitrogen concentrations， thereby laying a theoretical foundation for subsequent exploration of the physiological- biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying NUE in B. napus，as well as for breeding high-NUE B. napus varieties.

276 stable M4 lines derived from the rapeseed cultivar ′Zhongshuang 11′ via ethyl methanesulfonate（EMS）mutagenesis were subjected to precise salt-tolerance screening at the germination stage，which identified 29 mutant lines with significantly enhanced salt- tolerance. Among these，6 mutants exhibited salt-tolerance comparable to the salt-tolerant cultivar ′ Huayouza 62′ at the germination stage，while 2 mutants outperformed ′Huayouza 62′ in salt-tolerance. Additionally，this study optimized a technical workflow for improving rapeseed salt-tolerance through EMS mutagenesis. This work marks the first exploration of EMS mutagenesis for enhancing salt-tolerance in rapeseed，providing valuable germplasm resources and a technical pathway for rapid breeding of saline-alkali-tolerant rapeseed varieties.

To understand the genetic diversity of Coilia brachygnathus（C. brachygnathus） populations，a dominant fish species in the lakes of the Hanyang area，we analyzed genetic diversity，interpopulation differentiation，and historical population dynamics of four C. brachygnathus populations from the Sanjiao Lake，the Nantaizi Lake，the Longyang Lake， and the Houguan Lake. Mitochondrial Cyt b gene and D-loop sequences were employed as molecular markers. The results revealed high genetic diversity in C. brachygnathus populations from the four lakes，with haplotype diversity ranging from 0. 613 to 0. 868（Cyt b）and 0. 842 to 0. 929（D-loop），and nucleotide diversity was 0. 002 23- 0. 002 63（Cyt b）and 0. 004 90- 0.007 51（D-loop），all of which were at relatively high levels. Pairwise fixation index （F_ST） values suggested some genetic differentiation between the Longyang Lake population and other populations. Principal components analysis（PCA）and haplotype network analyses demonstrated a distinct phylogeographic structure among populations from the lakes in the Hanyang area. Neutrality tests and mismatch analysis indicated no historical population expansion events in C. brachygnathus populations from the lakes in the Hanyang area.

The number of effective spikes per unit area，grain number per spike，and the thousand-grain weight are three elements that constitute the wheat yield. The spike number is the earliest and most active factor in the three aspects of wheat yield，which plays an important role in the stable and high yields of wheat. In this paper，the general rules of stem and tiller growth and spike formation of wheat were expounded，and the factors affecting stem and tiller growth and spike formation of wheat were summarized and analyzed，such as genetic factors，sowing date，planting density，fertilizer application，and water management. It was proposed that future research could further explore the key genes of wheat′s tiller number through genomics technology and gene editing technology. At the same time，research on stem and tiller growth and spike formation of wheat under multiple scenarios should be strengthened to provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the construction of a high-quality wheat population and the improvement of large-scale yield per unit area.

Nitrogen，as a key nutrient element for wheat growth，development，and yield formation，plays an irreplaceable role in guaranteeing global food security. This paper first introduced the four main types of nitrogen fertilizers and their characteristics，namely ammonium， nitrate， nitrate-ammonium， and amide. The effects of nitrogen on wheat stem tiller growth and the number of spikes per unit area，the development of spikes， the number of grains， and the formation of grain weight were summarized. The molecular mechanism of nitrogen uptake and utilization in wheat was described. The control measures to improve wheat′s nitrogen utilization were reviewed in aspects of the selection of nitrogen-efficient wheat varieties，tillage，planting density，nitrogen fertilizer transport， and water management. Finally，it was pointed out that the future should strengthen the selection and breeding of nitrogen-efficient wheat varieties，the research and development and industrialization of new high-efficiency nitrogen fertilizer products for wheat，research and development and integration of wheat nitrogen efficient use of green efficiency and comprehensive technology model and popularization of the application of such research，to maximize the potential of wheat yield increase and provide assistance for the large-scale increase in wheat production.

In this study，two types of polyethylene（PE）separators coated with ceramic and polyvinylidene fluoride（PVDF） were investigated to assess their surface morphology and thermal stability. These separators were prepared into pouch batteries，and an adiabatic rate calorimeter（ARC）was employed to evaluate the thermal runaway behavior of the bat⁃ teries. The experimental results indicated that the separator coatings effectively delayed the onset of thermal runaway and mitigated the intensity of the thermal runaway reaction in lithi⁃ um-ion batteries. Specifically，the PVDF-coated separator effectively constrained the side reactions in the initial stage of battery thermal runaway，while the ceramic-coated separator demonstrated a superior inhibitory effect in the middle and later stages of battery thermal run⁃ away. Therefore，the coated separators have a significant impact on the thermal runaway be⁃ havior of lithium-ion batteries，with the inorganic ceramic coating being more effective in delaying the onset of thermal runaway.

Objective To investigate the protective effects of hesperetin on jejunal injury in mice subjected to water immersion restraint stress（WIRS）. Methods A WIRS model was established，with mice randomly assigned to four groups：control，model，low-dose hesperetin（50 mg/kg），and high-dose hesperetin（100 mg/kg）. Mice in the hesperetin groups were administered their respective doses for 7 consecutive days before undergoing the stress protocol. The protective effects of hesperetin were assessed by measuring serum levels of AST and ALT，tissue MDA content，and T-SOD activity，as well as serum TNF-α and IL-1β levels via ELISA. Histopathological analysis of the jejunum tissue was performed using HE staining，and villus height，crypt depth，and the villus height to crypt depth ratio were quantified. Results HE staining revealed that both low- and high-dose hesperetin groups significantly reduced serum AST and ALT levels，decreased MDA content，enhanced T-SOD activity，and suppressed TNF-α and IL-1β expression compared to the model group. Furthermore，hesperetin treatment resulted in increased villus height， reduced crypt depth，and an improved villus height to crypt depth ratio. HE staining indicated that hesperetin significantly alleviated jejunal tissue injury in stressed mice. Conclusion Hesperetin exerts significant protective effects against jejunal injury induced by WIRS in mice. This protective action is likely mediated by its antioxidant properties， antiinflammatory effects，and ability to promote intestinal tissue repair.

Objective To explore and understand the diagnosis，differential diagnosis，and treatment of pancreatic tuberculosis by reporting a case of a patient who presented to the hospital with belching and underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy（EUS-FNA），which was considered to be tuberculosis of the pancreatic head. Methods The case data and diagnostic process of a patient with pancreatic head tuberculosis were analyzed and discussed with the relevant literature. Results Through endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy，the case was examined and subsequently confirmed to be pancreatic head tuberculosis after a consultative review with Wuhan Union Hospital. Clinical symptoms were alleviated after the initiation of anti-tubercular therapy， and the disappearance of the lesions was evident upon subsequent evaluation by color ultrasound of the liver，gallbladder，spleen，pancreas，both kidneys，and ureter，as well as abdominal CT. Conclusion Pancreatic tuberculosis is relatively rare，lacks specificity in clinical features and imaging manifestations，is difficult to diagnose，similar to pancreatic tumors，easy to misdiagnose and perform surgery. Pathological biopsy guided by ultrasonic endoscopy before surgery can greatly avoid trauma caused by surgery，help differential diagnosis，and obtain better therapeutic effects by further anti-tuberculosis treatment.

Objective To evaluate the association between postpartum weight retention （PPWR）and the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus（GDM） in the second pregnancy. Methods Taking the permanent puerperal women in Wuhan who second delivered a singleton from January 1，2019，to December 31，2022，the maternal basic information， prenatal examination，and delivery information were extracted from the maternal and child information system，and the relationship between PPWR and GDM during the second pregnancy was analyzed by logistic regression. Results A total of 3 518 pregnant women were included in this study，2 327 pregnant women（66. 1%）had postpartum weight retention，of which 31. 1%（1 095 pregnant women）had high weight retention. 487 pregnant women （13. 8%）had GDM in the next pregnancy. Regression analysis showed that women with high weight retention after their first delivery had a 38% increased risk of developing GDM in their second pregnancy（OR 1. 38，95%CI（1. 09，1. 74）），after adjusting for relevant factors， this risk increased to 41%（aOR 1. 41，95%CI（1. 11，1. 79））. Further analysis showed that among those with high weight retention in a first pregnancy，the risk of developing GDM in a second pregnancy increased by 53%（OR 1. 53，95%CI（1. 17，2. 01）；aOR 1. 57，95%CI （1. 19，2. 06）），even if the first pregnancy did not develop GDM. Conclusion High weight retention after the primary delivery increases the risk of developing GDM in the second pregnancy，and postpartum weight management should be given high attention.

Human pose estimation plays a crucial role in various real-world applications， such as sports training，robot behavior training，and intelligent interaction. Due to the shortcomings of complex neural network structures and the low efficiency of most human pose estimation algorithms，a multi-person pose estimation algorithm，YOLO- Pose-GSNS，based on improved YOLO-Pose，was proposed. To reduce the parameters and computational complexity of the module and achieve lightweight by improving computational efficiency，the GSConv convolution module was used instead of the ordinary Conv convolution calculation. Using the NAMAttention module to redesign its feature fusion layer and improve its feature extraction capability，while using four different detection heads to enhance the algorithm′s detection of occluded scenes. Introducing the SIoU loss function to redefine the loss function of bounding box regression and improve the accuracy of localization. Tested on the OC_Human dataset，the improved YOLO-Pose-GSNS model showed a 7. 4% reduction in model size compared to the baseline model，a 3. 4% decrease （19. 5）in GFLOPs，the P-value，R-value，mAP@0.5，and mAP@0.5：0.95 increased by 8. 7%，13. 4%，12.1%，and 17.2%，respectively. The YOLO-Pose-GSNS algorithm proposed in this article not only achieves the model′s lightweight，but also ensures an improvement in the accuracy of multi-person pose estimation in occluded scenes.